Gold and Iron 下载 mobi 免费 pdf 百度网盘 epub 2025 在线 电子书

Winner of the Lionel Trilling Award

Nominated for the National Book Award

“A major contribution to our understanding of some of the great themes of modern European history—the relations between Jews and Germans, between economics and politics, between banking and diplomacy.” —James Joll, The New York Times Book Review

“I cannot praise this book too highly. It is a work of original scholarship, both exact and profound. It restores a buried chapter of history and penetrates, with insight and understanding, one of the most disturbing historical problems of modern times.” —Hugh J. Trevor-Roper, London Sunday Times

“[An] extraordinary book, an invaluable contribution to our understanding of Germany in the second half of the nineteenth century.” —Stanley Hoffman, Washington Post Book World

“One of the most important historical works of the past few decades.” —Golo Mann

“In many ways this book resembles the great nineteenth-century novels.” — The Economist

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A recognized authority on modern Europe, Fritz Stern (1938–2016) was a Seth Low Professor of History and former provost at Columbia University. He held three degrees from Columbia, where he taught for over four decades. He also taught at Cornell, Yale, the Free University of Berlin, and the University of Konstanz in West Germany, and as Élie Halévy Professor at the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris. He received a DLitt from Oxford in 1985 and the Leopold-Lucas Prize from the Evangelical-Theological Faculty of the University of Tübingen in 1984. His works include The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present; Dreams and Delusions: National Socialism in the Drama of the German Past; Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire, which was nominated for a National Book Award; The Politics of Cultural Despair; and The Failure of Illiberalism.

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1878年最初的几个月里，当俄土战争有可能升级为英俄战争时，布莱希罗德和俾斯麦经常交换俄国事务的消息，布莱希罗德多次敦促俾斯麦在圣彼得堡秘密斡旋，以便确保老迈的外交部长戈尔恰科夫（俾斯麦讨厌此人）被理智的“西方派”舒瓦洛夫而非伊格纳季耶夫（Ignatieff）这样的泛斯拉夫主义激进分子接替 。最终，舒瓦洛夫与英国人的谈判成功地避免战争—这个结果在1878年夏天的柏林会议上得到适时的确认。

但有一个弱点是盖尔森无法回避的：犹太人身份让他永远易受攻击。事实上，他越成功，不确定性和受到的攻击就越多。他追逐着异教徒世界，也被后者所追逐；他越是深入那个世界，就越是意识到自己缺乏那个社会最为推崇的传统和特质。犹太人的身份界定了他的人生——远比容克身份对俾斯麦人生的影响更大。

俾斯麦作为政客的伟大之处正是在于其见机行事的能力，寻找（有时是营造）正确的时机和突然的机会，然后以可怕的速度和技巧利用它们。长期规划必然导致选择面缩小。俾斯麦将不愿做选择这典型的人类特点提升为一种至高的政治优点。发明“多重选择战略”最能体现他的天才。

法国人拒绝 60 亿赔款的要求，认为这个数字大到无法计算，即使有人从耶稣时代就开始一法郎一法郎地数，他到现在也数不完 60 亿。俾斯麦则回答说，“他已经为此做好准备”，带来一位从创世时就开始数钱的专家（布莱希罗德）。

俾斯麥會認為，無視自己的地位帶來的情報等於自殘。權力必須絕對與利益脫勾，公共和私人利益應該涇渭分明.....19世紀的偉人們可沒有這種想法。....權力無異應該得到尊敬和效忠，如果這些有利可圖就更好了。利益不會威脅他們的誠實，貧窮也不是為國王和國家效勞的應有回報。

威廉确信，这笔操作（指利率5%的债券转换为4%的新债券）每年将为俄国人节省2000万马克的利息支出，将会加强他们的信贷和充实他们的战争储备，并促使他们对德国全面发难。他要求俾斯麦停止转换，无论是直接向布莱希罗德施压，还是间接向柏林股市施压，让后者拒绝新的俄国债券上市。根据广为流传的说法，在写给俾斯麦的一封信中，威廉指责布莱希罗德是“没有祖国的混蛋，只想着他的买卖” P613

17日，皇帝两次要求首相辞职。木已成舟，俾斯麦时代结束了。布莱希罗德直到最后都扮演着重要角色。在最后几周的不确定中，他是活动和阴谋的中心。形形色色的人和派系都试图利用他，但他为俾斯麦所做的努力失败了。他甚至要为此承担些许责任。因为在俾斯麦统治的最后—就像帝国在凡尔赛诞生之时—布莱希罗德的形象让德国精英潜在的反犹主义公开显现出来。1889—1890年，反犹主义出现在政界的最高层，即宫廷本身。它被用作对付俾斯麦的武器，后者直到那时都认为自己可以不受惩罚地利用犹太人和反犹主义者，就像他利用其他大部分凡人一样。

布莱希罗德的眼泪是真心的。他与俾斯麦的亲密关系已经维持二十八年，与那个伟大人物的相处无论有时多么艰难，它都让布莱希罗德在感觉和实质上拥有重要性，那是他身份的一部分。轻视和痛苦已被遗忘；和许多下属一样，他也忘记自己曾抱怨俾斯麦“不懂得体谅，像挤柠檬那样压榨别人” 。剩下的只有悲伤，因为他与权力的联系被切断，他为大人物服务的习惯被打破。俾斯麦的倒台也意味着布莱希罗德的失势，他特殊的太阳落山了。眼泪是为自己而流。P620

布莱希罗德是俾斯麦退隐后少数仍然对他忠诚的人之一，他对此心怀感激。他现在几乎没有什么能给布莱希罗德；他知道布莱希罗德的忠诚代表真正的尊敬，于是也对后者抱以热情的敬意。1893年，俾斯麦回忆说，无论布莱希罗德的个人生活如何，“在我面前，他总是一位无私、极为聪明、谨慎和高效的商人，思维非常缜密”...

书籍介绍

Winner of the Lionel Trilling Award

Nominated for the National Book Award

“A major contribution to our understanding of some of the great themes of modern European history—the relations between Jews and Germans, between economics and politics, between banking and diplomacy.” —James Joll, The New York Times Book Review

“I cannot praise this book too highly. It is a work of original scholarship, both exact and profound. It restores a buried chapter of history and penetrates, with insight and understanding, one of the most disturbing historical problems of modern times.” —Hugh J. Trevor-Roper, London Sunday Times

“[An] extraordinary book, an invaluable contribution to our understanding of Germany in the second half of the nineteenth century.” —Stanley Hoffman, Washington Post Book World

“One of the most important historical works of the past few decades.” —Golo Mann

“In many ways this book resembles the great nineteenth-century novels.” — The Economist