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One of Freud’s central achievements was to demonstrate how

unacceptable thoughts and feelings are repressed into the

unconscious, from where they continue to exert a decisive influence

over our lives. This volume contains a key statement about evidence

for the unconscious, and how it works, as well as major essays on

all the fundamentals of mental functioning. Freud explores how we

are torn between the pleasure principle and the reality principle,

how we often find ways both to express and to deny what we most

fear, and why certain men need fetishes for their sexual

satisfaction. His study of our most basic drives, and how they are

transformed, brilliantly illuminates the nature of sadism,

masochism, exhibitionism and voyeurism.

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Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 and died in exile in London in

1939. As a writer and doctor he remains one of the most informing

voices of the twentieth century.

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Biology informs us that sexuality is distinct from the other functions of the individual because its purpose - the creation of new individuals, and thus the preservation of the species - transcend the individual.

The aim each one strives to attain is organ pleasure; only on completing synthesis do they become generally recognizable as sexual drives. Initially, they are dependent on self-preservation drives and become detached from these only gradually; when finding an object, they also follow the paths laid down by the ego drives. A proportion of them remain attached to the ego drives throughout life, providing these with libidinal components, which are easily overlooked during normal functioning and manifest themselves only in illness.

The sadistic child pays no heed to whether it inflicts pain or not and never intends to do so. Once the transformation into masochism has taken place, however, pain is very well suited to becoming a passive masochistic aim, for we have every reason to believe that sensations of pain can - like other sensations of unpleasure - shade over into sexual arousal and produce a pleasurable state, for the sake of which even the unpleasure of pain can be willingly undergone. Once feeling pain has become a masochistic aim, the sadistic aim of inflicting pain can also arise retroactively, for this pain, while being caused to another person, is enjoyed masochistically in identification with the suffering object. In both cases, of course, it is not the pain itself that is enjoyed, but the accompanying s...

The case of love and hate is particularly interesting in that it resists being assimilated into our account of the drives. We cannot doubt that the most intimate relationship exists between these two emotional opposites and sexuality, but we naturally reject the notion that love is some specific component drive of sexuality like any other.

Here we learn that drives under repression are indeed capable of satisfaction, and that this would always, in itself, be pleasurable, but it would be irreconcilable with other demands and intentions; so it would produce pleasure in one place, unpleasure in another. Thus it becomes a precondition of repression that the motive of avoiding unpleasure overrides the pleasure of satisfaction.

As regards the thing itself, there is very little similarity between squeezing a blackhead and an ejaculation from the penis, and even less between the countless shallow pores on the skin and the vagina; but in the first instance something spurts out each time, and in the second the cynical saying 'a hole is a hole' quite literally holds true. The substitute is determined not by the similarity between two things, but by their identity when expressed in words.

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One of Freuds central achievements was to demonstrate how unacceptable thoughts and feelings are repressed into the unconscious, from where they continue to exert a decisive influence over our lives. This volume contains a key statement about evidence for the unconscious, and how it works, as well as major essays on all the fundamentals of mental functioning. Freud explores how we are torn between the pleasure principle and the reality principle, how we often find ways both to express and to deny what we most fear, and why certain men need fetishes for their sexual satisfaction. His study of our most basic drives, and how they are transformed, brilliantly illuminates the nature of sadism, masochism, exhibitionism and voyeurism.