Animal Spirits 下载 mobi 免费 pdf 百度网盘 epub 2025 在线 电子书

Review

White House Budget Director Peter Orszag is a numbers guy, a propeller head as President Obama would say. But as David Von Drehle and I write in this week's print version of Time, Orszag has been spending his time recently reading not about spreadsheets, but about psychology. In particular, he has been reading a new book by the economists George Akerlof and Robert Shiller called Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives The Economy, and Why It Matters For Global Capitalism. . . . We are, it turns out, slaves to the Animal Spirits. They have brought us to our knees. And now they are the only things that can save us.

(Michael Scherer, Time.com's "Swampland" )

In their new book, two of the most creative and respected economic thinkers currently at work, George Akerlof and Robert Shiller, argue that the key is to recover Keynes's insight about 'animal spirits'--the attitudes and ideas that guide economic action. The orthodoxy needs to be rebuilt, and bringing these psychological factors into the core of economics is the way to do it. . . . The connections between their thinking on the limits to conventional economics and the issues thrown up by the breakdown are plain, even if they were unable to make every link explicit. Even more than Akerlof and Shiller could have hoped, therefore, it is a fine book at exactly the right time. . . . Animal Spirits carries its ambition lightly--but is ambitious nonetheless. Economists will see it as a kind of manifesto.

(Clive Crook Financial Times )

Animal Spirits is a welcome addition to our Hannitized national economic debate, in which anyone who advocates government spending risks being labeled a socialist. . . . Animal Spirits is most compelling when the authors summon all the key behavioral patterns to explain vast, complex phenomena such as the Great Depression. . . . Animal Spirits . . . [is] aimed squarely at the general reader, and rightly so: Macroeconomics is now everybody's business--the banks are playing with our money.

(Andrew Rosenblum New York Observer )

[A] lively new financial crisis book.

(James Pressley Bloomberg News )

The two superstars have produced a truly innovative and bold work that attempts to show how psychological factors explain the origins of the current mess and offer clues for possible solutions. At a time when plummeting confidence is dragging down the market and the economy, the authors' focus on the psychological aspect of economics is incredibly important.

(Michael Mandel BusinessWeek )

What Sigmund Freud did for the study of the mind, George Akerlof and Robert Shiller are doing for economics. Freud, healer or fake--take your pick--built a career and a field of medicine on the idea that people are driven by irrational forces. Akerlof, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics, and Shiller, the Yale economist who is the eminence grise of the housing meltdown, argue that massive government market intervention programs are the only way to turn fear into enthusiasm for spending and investing--the 'animal spirits' that are an essential part of recovery. . . . Akerlof and Shiller pick up on the idea of the emotional impetus to investment. With elegant reasoning and lovely prose, they demonstrate that we'll all be wallowing in misery unless governments around world, especially the in the G7 nations, help to return markets to optimism. . . . Animal Spirits is a fine discussion of the last few decades of development of economic theory, especially monetary economics.

(Andrew Allentuck The Globe & Mail )

Another contribution to the human-nature-ensures-economics-is-irrational school of thought. But, unlike many of the rants against people trying to make an honest profit, this is a measured examination of how the present crisis is explained in economic terms. And so it should be. George Akerlof is a Nobel prizewinner, Robert Shiller teaches at Yale and is the author of Irrational Exuberance, which should give you an idea of this one's approach. This fascinating work uses economics to explain real-life issues, such as real estate price cycles, to key policy problems, such as the relationship between inflation and employment.

(Stephen Matchett The Australian )

With Animal Spirits we hone in on how incentives and narratives can be created to channel the human psychological factor into collectively healthy directions, and how to be aware of the fictions we tell ourselves about how we wish the world and greed and financial security worked. [Animal Spirits] sheds light on complex issues and leaves readers with a better grasp of undercurrents and--most importantly--a rediscovered belief in principles of common sense and caution.

(Daily Kos )

The new book from George Akerlof and Robert Shiller, Animal Spirits, has been getting a lot of press of late, and quite rightly: it's really good. It's not only very readable; it also offers a compelling vision of a very different type of macroeconomics--one where behavioral considerations are front and center, rather than simply providing what Clive Crook calls 'ad hoc modifications' to the standard, ridiculously oversimplified and unrealistic, model. . . . [I]f you read only one book on this subject, make it Animal Spirits.

(Felix Salmon, Portfolio.com )

As George Akerlof and Robert Shiller show in a new book Animal Spirits, this is no freak storm. It may mark the long-awaited encounter between psychology and economics. . . . Akerlof and Shiller's book is probably the first macroeconomic exploration of the subject that is accessible to those interested in the subject but who don't have the academic training to understand the detailed argument.

(Mint )

Review

This book is a sorely needed corrective. Animal Spirits is an important--maybe even a decisive--contribution at a difficult juncture in macroeconomic theory.

(Robert M. Solow, Nobel Prize-winning economist )

暂无相关目录，正在全力查找中！

Robert J. Shiller is the Stanley B. Resor Professor of Economics at Yale University. He is the recipient of the 2000 Commonfund Prize, awarded for Best Contribution to Endowment Management Research, for Irrational Exuberance. He is also the author of Market Volatility and Macro Markets, which won the 1996 Paul A. Samuelson Award.

暂无出版社相关信息，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关书籍摘录，正在全力查找中！

在线阅读地址：Animal Spirits在线阅读

在线听书地址：Animal Spirits在线收听

在线购买地址：Animal Spirits在线购买

信心，不仅仅是理性预测，还是动物精神中最重要的元素。这个词指的是那些不能用理性决策涵盖的行为。

标准的经济学理论认为，信心是理性的，它为理性决策提供了一个正式程序：人们利用手头信息做出理性预测，然后考虑所有可能的选择、这些选择的结果、每个结果的优势、每个选择的概率，然后再做出理性决策。当然，人们经常按照这种方式自信地做决策。但信心这一概念的含义远不只这些。信任的真正含义恰恰是我们会超越理性。诚然，容易轻信他人的人经常抛弃或者忽视某些信息，他甚至不会理性地处理他所得到的信息。即使他理性地处理信息，也不一定会据此理性行事。他行动的依据是那些他确信正确的东西。当人们做重大投资决策时，他们必须依靠信心。我们所做的大量决策，包括我们生活中最为重要的某些决策，都是因为它们“看起来是正确的”。

因此，随时间变化的信心在经济周期中发挥着重要的作用。在好的年景，人们有信任感。他们自发地做决策，并本能地相信自己会取得成功。他们把怀疑搁置，而当每个人都这样做时，资产的价值就会升高，而且可能还会继续上涨。只要人们保持信任感，他们的冲动就不会显现出来。一旦信心消散，人们决策的冲动就暴露无遗。

任何初始的政府刺激，例如增加政府支出的某个项目，让人们赚到钱，然后再由他们花出去。初始的政府刺激是“第一轮”。政府所花的每一美元最终都会变成某些人的收入，有收入在手，他们就会将此收入再花出去一部分。这个比例就是MPC（边际消费倾向）。因此，支出的初始增加会带来第二轮支出，这轮支出是由人们而不是由政府花费的。这些支出又会成为某些人的收入，其数额为MPC美元，这些人也花费收入的一部分，即相当于MPC2美元，这就是第三轮。不过，这个过程不会终止。随后是一轮接一轮的支出，因此，政府最初支出1美元的效果是（1+MPC+MPC2+MPC3+MPC4…）美元。所有这些数值的总和并不是无穷大，它实际上等于1/（1–MPC），此数值即凯恩斯乘数。但是，这个总和可能要远大于第一轮的政府刺激。若MPC为0.5，凯恩斯乘数就是2；若MPC为0.8，凯恩斯乘数就是5。

乘数理论说明，支出的小幅下降会产生放大效应。如果人们由于担心发生像1929年那样的股市崩盘而反应过度，导致消费支出产生实质性的小幅下降，那么，这就像是一个具有负面效应的政府刺激。人们的消费每削减1美元，就会有另一轮削减支出，然后，一轮接着一轮。这意味着，经济活动的下降会远大于初始的冲击。因为遭受多轮负的支出冲击，经济会陷入更深的危机，所以大萧条会持续多年。该理论获得了广泛赞誉（只不过没有立刻付诸政策实施），因为它形象地再现了大萧条在1929~1933年日益加深的场景。

当经济开始下行时，信心变动对收入的影响就特别大，而且具有决定性，但在另一些时候就不那么重要。信心低落导致信贷市场冻结，放款人不相信能收回贷款。在这种情形下，那些有消费意愿的人发现，他们难以得到所需的信贷；那些供货商发现，他们难以获得所需的流动资金。其结果是，通常的财政政策（政府增加支出或减税）的乘数都会减小，而且有可能更小。我们建议政府设定两个目标来解决当前的危机。第一...

如果我们想要了解经济的运行机制和经济中的动物精神，还必须了解经济的阴暗面，即反社会行为的倾向，以及摧毁它的各种崩溃和失败。

当然，我们知道，在牌桌上发生的事情与经济中发生的事情可能没有联系。但是，如果欺骗行为在数百万人在玩的扑克游戏中都可以有一席之地，我们还能天真地认为这种伎俩不会出现在商业领域吗？

一个人讲一个故事，就会激发另一个人想起相关的故事，而这个故事又会使第一个人想起另一个故事，如此不断回想提醒，形成很长的反馈序列。我们在讲故事时激起另一个人的反响，会由衷地感到高兴。交谈总是会从一个话题转移到另一个话题，不停地转变。这看似随机无序，实际上却是一种内在的构思，这种构思对人类知识至关重要。交谈不仅是一种易于被人接受的信息交流方式，而且还能强化我们对相关故事的记忆。我们忘掉的往往是那些我们从未向他人复述过的故事。

在《爱情就是故事：亲密关系的新理论》一束中，心理学家罗伯特-斯滕伯格认为，在成功的婚姻中，夫妻通常会创造可以分享的故事。他们围绕一系列共同的记忆创造了一个故事，并用这个故事来印证，他们互相关心对方，在乎婚姻内在的价值。

信心并不仅仅是一个人自身的情绪状态，它也是一个人对他人信心的一种判断，以及他人对他人信心的洞察。它同时还是一种世界观（对时事动态的一种看法），是大众对新闻媒体和公共讨论所传播的经济转变机制的理解。新时代故事总是伴随着全球股票市场的大繁荣。如果不详细了解那些故事，就很难理解过去的经济信心从何而来。随着岁月的流逝，我们会逐渐忘却过去的故事，这也正是我们对过去的股票市场和宏观经济波动总感到迷惑不解的原因所在。

股票市场是微观有效率而宏观无效率。

一般来说，对来自豪华酒店的啤酒和来自生意清淡的杂货店的啤酒，受访者有不同的底价，对前者的底价要比对后者的高。通常来说，他们愿意为前者多支付75%。

这样的情景可能非常普通。但是，对它的反应则有着深远的含义。这些反应表明，公平因素不亚于理性的经济动机。如果受访人只考虑啤酒给他们躺在沙滩上增加了多少的享受，他们就会为它支付相同的金额，而不论它是来自宾馆还是杂货店。如果杂货店的要价“高得离谱”，那么，这种额外的享受就会荡然无存。杂货店的酒不能那么贵，因为他们不愿意花额外的钱。他们宁愿把钱付给宾馆的酒吧店主。结果也必定如此，因为他们认为，杂货店索要一个高过他们愿意支付的最高价格是不公平的。

书籍介绍

Review

White House Budget Director Peter Orszag is a numbers guy, a propeller head as President Obama would say. But as David Von Drehle and I write in this week's print version of Time, Orszag has been spending his time recently reading not about spreadsheets, but about psychology. In particular, he has been reading a new book by the economists George Akerlof and Robert Shiller called Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives The Economy, and Why It Matters For Global Capitalism. . . . We are, it turns out, slaves to the Animal Spirits. They have brought us to our knees. And now they are the only things that can save us.

(Michael Scherer, Time.com's "Swampland" )

In their new book, two of the most creative and respected economic thinkers currently at work, George Akerlof and Robert Shiller, argue that the key is to recover Keynes's insight about 'animal spirits'--the attitudes and ideas that guide economic action. The orthodoxy needs to be rebuilt, and bringing these psychological factors into the core of economics is the way to do it. . . . The connections between their thinking on the limits to conventional economics and the issues thrown up by the breakdown are plain, even if they were unable to make every link explicit. Even more than Akerlof and Shiller could have hoped, therefore, it is a fine book at exactly the right time. . . . Animal Spirits carries its ambition lightly--but is ambitious nonetheless. Economists will see it as a kind of manifesto.

(Clive Crook Financial Times )

Animal Spirits is a welcome addition to our Hannitized national economic debate, in which anyone who advocates government spending risks being labeled a socialist. . . . Animal Spirits is most compelling when the authors summon all the key behavioral patterns to explain vast, complex phenomena such as the Great Depression. . . . Animal Spirits . . . [is] aimed squarely at the general reader, and rightly so: Macroeconomics is now everybody's business--the banks are playing with our money.

(Andrew Rosenblum New York Observer )

[A] lively new financial crisis book.

(James Pressley Bloomberg News )

The two superstars have produced a truly innovative and bold work that attempts to show how psychological factors explain the origins of the current mess and offer clues for possible solutions. At a time when plummeting confidence is dragging down the market and the economy, the authors' focus on the psychological aspect of economics is incredibly important.

(Michael Mandel BusinessWeek )

What Sigmund Freud did for the study of the mind, George Akerlof and Robert Shiller are doing for economics. Freud, healer or fake--take your pick--built a career and a field of medicine on the idea that people are driven by irrational forces. Akerlof, professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley and winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics, and Shiller, the Yale economist who is the eminence grise of the housing meltdown, argue that massive government market intervention programs are the only way to turn fear into enthusiasm for spending and investing--the 'animal spirits' that are an essential part of recovery. . . . Akerlof and Shiller pick up on the idea of the emotional impetus to investment. With elegant reasoning and lovely prose, they demonstrate that we'll all be wallowing in misery unless governments around world, especially the in the G7 nations, help to return markets to optimism. . . . Animal Spirits is a fine discussion of the last few decades of development of economic theory, especially monetary economics.

(Andrew Allentuck The Globe & Mail )

Another contribution to the human-nature-ensures-economics-is-irrational school of thought. But, unlike many of the rants against people trying to make an honest profit, this is a measured examination of how the present crisis is explained in economic terms. And so it should be. George Akerlof is a Nobel prizewinner, Robert Shiller teaches at Yale and is the author of Irrational Exuberance, which should give you an idea of this one's approach. This fascinating work uses economics to explain real-life issues, such as real estate price cycles, to key policy problems, such as the relationship between inflation and employment.

(Stephen Matchett The Australian )

With Animal Spirits we hone in on how incentives and narratives can be created to channel the human psychological factor into collectively healthy directions, and how to be aware of the fictions we tell ourselves about how we wish the world and greed and financial security worked. [Animal Spirits] sheds light on complex issues and leaves readers with a better grasp of undercurrents and--most importantly--a rediscovered belief in principles of common sense and caution.

(Daily Kos )

The new book from George Akerlof and Robert Shiller, Animal Spirits, has been getting a lot of press of late, and quite rightly: it's really good. It's not only very readable; it also offers a compelling vision of a very different type of macroeconomics--one where behavioral considerations are front and center, rather than simply providing what Clive Crook calls 'ad hoc modifications' to the standard, ridiculously oversimplified and unrealistic, model. . . . [I]f you read only one book on this subject, make it Animal Spirits.

(Felix Salmon, Portfolio.com )

As George Akerlof and Robert Shiller show in a new book Animal Spirits, this is no freak storm. It may mark the long-awaited encounter between psychology and economics. . . . Akerlof and Shiller's book is probably the first macroeconomic exploration of the subject that is accessible to those interested in the subject but who don't have the academic training to understand the detailed argument.

(Mint )

Review

This book is a sorely needed corrective. Animal Spirits is an important--maybe even a decisive--contribution at a difficult juncture in macroeconomic theory.

(Robert M. Solow, Nobel Prize-winning economist )